The Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC has released a synopsis of the latest scientific findings of the changes of the salinity, temperature, acidity and circulation of the Southern Ocean.

 

The synopsis, titled Position Analysis: Climate Change and the Southern Ocean, is a plain‐English summary of knowledge in this research area.

The latest research shows:

  • The Southern Ocean is warming faster than the average for the global ocean.
  •  The warming extends to greater depth in the Southern Ocean than it does in low latitudesbecause of the unique ocean currents there that carry heat deep in the ocean. The large amount of heat stored in the ocean makes it expand, raising sea levels.
  •  These currents also carry large amounts of carbon dioxide into the deep ocean, slowing the rate of climate change. More than 40% of the carbon dioxide released by human activities that ends up stored in the ocean enters through the Southern Ocean.
  • The Southern Ocean is getting fresher (lower in salinity). The changes in salinity provide evidence that the global water cycle is becoming more intense, with wet areas becoming wetter and dry areas becoming drier, as expected in a warming climate.
  • Freshening is observed in the abyssal waters off Antarctica south of Tasmania, and in the intermediate depth waters that originate in the Southern Ocean.
  • New measurements show that even the deepest waters, below 4 km depth, are warming and freshening. This means that even the deepest layers of the ocean can respond to changes in surface climate very quickly.
  • The ocean is becoming more acidic, making it more difficult for a wide variety of organisms to build shells, skeletons and reefs.
  • Because the effects of ocean acidification are sensitive to temperature, the threshold will be crossed first in the cold waters of the polar regions.

 

The report was prepared by the ACE CRC Oceans program leader Dr Steve Rintoul and the ACE CRC’s Professor Nathan Bindoff, who is a project leader within the Oceans program.
Dr Rintoul said that understanding of the Southern Ocean and its role in the climate system had suffered from a lack of observations. “New technologies are allowing us to really measure the Southern Ocean for the first time, he said.


“The changes we have observed in the temperature, salinity, sea level and carbon concentrations in the Southern Ocean are important because they tell us how and why the climate system is changing,” he said. “Because the Southern Ocean affects global and regional climate in profound ways, any changes in the region potentially have widespread consequences.”


The CEO of the ACE CRC, Dr Tony Press, said that undertaking research in the Southern Ocean was expensive and logistically complex, making collaboration between organisations, nations and scientific disciplines crucial.


“Given its location and capabilities, Australia should provide leadership in international research efforts in the Southern Ocean,” Dr Press said. “Our research in this area is already highly regarded and Australia is strategically placed to make a substantial contribution to understanding climate change in the Southern Ocean.”

 

The Position Analysis can be found here